Jbm ballistic

Its effect is negligible at medium distances, but becomes important around 1000yds and beyond, especially because it can add to other minimal errors and keep you off target. Coriolis effect affects everything not firmly attached to the Earth’s surface. It affects fluids, like air and water, as well as floating and flying objects like ships ...

Jbm ballistic. 3DF (degrees of freedom) model that is used in this calculator is rooted in old C sources of version 2 of the public version of the JBM calculator, ported to C#, optimized, fixed, and extended with elements described in Litz's "Applied Ballistics" book and ideas of the friendly project by Alexandre Trofimov.

Ballistic will automatically adjust velocity to account for your headwind calculation. The Advanced Wind Kit takes full advantage of the JBM ballistics engine's wind capabilities to allow pro shooters to account for nearly any possible wind scenario. Users can easily and quickly program in even the most complex wind scenarios, for up to eight ...

A modified (modified by R. L. McCoy) version of M. A. Morris' RARDLIFT code with corrections for small arms bullets and medium caliber cannon projectiles. Provides interim estimates of lift, overturning moment and yaw drag coefficients. Inputs are very similar to McDrag (above) but it does require the center of gravity location.Accuracy Ballistics Gear Reviews Long Range Shooting Marksmanship Precision Rifles Rifle Scopes Sniper Rifles. Featured. Forums. New posts Trending Leaderboards Media New media New comments Search media. Resources. Latest reviews Search resources. Upgrade. HideTV. Donate. Merch. Log in. Register. SearchAll emails sent to JBM are kept. Email addresses are not shared with any entity outside JBM. JBM does not use email addresses for any purpose other than historical. At no time will JBM send SPAM, requests or other information to users that have emailed JBM. Inputs to forms are used to calculate specific information requested by users.The Leatherwood ART Scope Trajectory Cam needs to be set to the correct cam setting for your caliber and rifle. This video goes over how to use JBM Ballistic...Robert L. McCoy, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, November 1973, [AD-771 148] -- Interesting work on modeling the aerodynamic coefficients of bullets Everyday Ballistics, Charles S. Cummings, 2nd, Stackpole & Heck, Inc., New York 1950. -- Very basic ballistics book.The ballistic coefficient is represents the ratio of the drag of the standard (e.g. G1 standard bullet) bullet to that of the bullet you are shooting. A ballistic coefficient of 0.100 means that your bullet has 10 times the drag of the standard bullet. Bullet Length The length of the bullet.

This is a 7.62x39 ballistics chart (external) generated using our ballistic trajectory calculator. This round is most used in AK-47s and their variants.. The average 7.62x39mm bullet is something like a 123 grain that is fired at an average of at 2,350fps The charting below follows the trajectory all the way to 1000 yards in steps of 50 yard ...Sparks, Nevada. Feb 8, 2010. #6. did this really quikly. Trajectory Input Data Manufacturer: Nosler Description: Partition™ Spitzer Caliber: 0.308 in Weight: 200.0 gr Ballistic Coefficient: 0.481 G1 Muzzle Velocity: 3500.0 ft/s Distance to Chronograph: 10.0 ft Sight Height: 1.50 in Sight Offset: 0.00 in Zero Height: 0.00 in Zero Offset: 0.00 ...Calculate a ballistic coefficient from initial velocity, time of flight and distance. Calculuated ballistic coefficient is displayed for selected drag function. Explanation of termsThe JBM Ballistics Range Card (shown below) lists ranges down the two outer columns and different ambient temperatures are shown across the top. Each intersection of range and temperature shows two numbers. The upper number is the elevation adjustment in clicks and the lower is the windage adjustment in clicks needed for a 10mph direct crosswind.Jun 23, 2022 · To make one, first generate a come-up table, using one of the free online ballistics programs such as JBM Ballistics. You can also put the info in an Excel spreadsheet or MS Word table and print it out. Above is a sample of a data card. For each distance, the card includes drop in inches, drop in MOA, drop in Mils. This book, among other things, includes software and experimentally measured ballistic coefficients for 175 bullets. The bullets have been added to the JBM Bullet Library using the G7 drag function bullets measured by Bryan are denoted by " (Litz)" in the description. The G7 coefficients should give better calculations than the G1 coefficients ...Trajectory Card. Calculate a trajectory card from bullet, velocity, firearm and atmospheric parameters. Density is calculated using input density altitudes. Muzzle velocity is found by using linear interpolation between two velocities measured as a fuction of temperature. Explanation of terms. Notes (displayed at top of printout) [?]

Calculate a ballistic coefficient from near velocity, far velocity and distance between velocity measurement points. Ballistic coefficient is calculated for input drag function. Explanation of termsSpeedy weight loss is the first sign a person may have gastritis. Usually, such person eats the same amount of food and the same quality, but the outcome is the same: continuous lo...Table 6 compares Nosler and Litz BCs for the Ballistic Tip to determine the average overestimate which is 6.33%. The Nosler 120 grain NBT in .284 had the highest overestimate at 12.7%, with the 115 grain .257 NBT and the 125 grain .308 NBT also having substantial overestimates at 10.76% and 9.58%, respectively.Ballistics calculations and formulas for small arms. Additionally, the calculated elevation is 6.10 MOA. This calculated value is shown above the trajectory table in the output of the calculation.

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The distance from the point of the first velocity measurement to the point of the second measurement. This is the distance between the two chronographs. Drag function. A drag function (or G function) provides the forces on a standard bullet for which the drag function was derived. A bullet's ballistic coefficient then relates the drag on any ...The ballistic coefficient is represents the ratio of the drag of the standard (e.g. G1 standard bullet) bullet to that of the bullet you are shooting. A ballistic coefficient of 0.100 means that your bullet has 10 times the drag of the standard bullet. Bullet Length The length of …I built it from gathering some information together and running it through JBM Ballistics. So what data do I need? First, you must know the bullet you're firing. In my case, that's a Lapua Center-X 40gr 22LR cartridge. Lapua lists the ballistic coefficient (BC) as a .172 G1. Second, you have to know your velocity.Plastic Tip Length. Length of the plastic "ballistic tip" if it exists. Otherwise zero. Caliber. Diameter of the bullet. Muzzle Velocity. The velocity of the bullet as either (1) measured at some distance from the muzzle or (2) as estimated from reloading data. The on-line ballistics page can correct for the distance to chronograph.JBM Ballistics has partnered with RIANOV to provide integrated ballistics solutions, including the M06 passive ranging calculator, the SOLO calculator and the CSI. The CSI is a new digital angle indicator giving both cant and slope (or cosine of slope). RIANOV™ CSI unit mounted to Remington 700 ...Trajectory Card. Calculate a trajectory card from bullet, velocity, firearm and atmospheric parameters. Density is calculated using input density altitudes. Muzzle velocity is found by using linear interpolation between two velocities measured as a fuction of temperature. Explanation of terms. Notes (displayed at top of printout) [?]

Calculate a ballistic coefficient from initial velocity, time of flight and distance. Calculuated ballistic coefficient is displayed for selected drag function. Explanation of termsBallistic Coefficient The calculated ballistic coefficient for the selected drag function. Atmospheric Density The calculated density of the air. Far Velocity The calculated velocity at the end of the measured distance. Speed of Sound The calculated speed of sound.Ballistic is a mobile application for iOS devices, such as iPhones and iPads that can be used to determine shot placement by automatically calculating dope through the world-renowned JBM ballistics engine. However, this App is much more than just a basic trajectory calculator, as it also provides information on weather conditions, scope ...Ballistics calculations and formulas for small arms. Drag Function Conversion. Convert a ballistic coefficient from one drag function to another.Drag Function Array Conversion. Convert multiple ballistic coefficients and find the best new drag function. Explanation of terms. Drag Function [?] Velocity Units [?] Caliber (0.100 to 2.000 in) [0.308] [?]Many modern ballistics programs, including the free online JBM Ballistics Program, are able to use BCs referenced to G7 standards. When available, these BCs are more appropriate for long range bullets, according to Bryan. [Editor's NOTE: BCs are normally reported simply as an 0.XXX number. The lb/in² tag applies to all BCs, but is commonly ...Calculation of the sectional density is straight forward. For a 300 grain, .338 caliber bullet, the sectional density is: SD = [ 300 gr / (7000 gr/lb) ] / [ 0.338 in ] 2 = 0.375 lb/in 2. NOTE: With the common definition of the sectional density, the units have to be converted when used with drag functions, velocity, etc, to convert the in 2 to ...The Ballistic Edge is further enhanced by the data in the huge Ballistic Library, home to over 5,400 projectiles and factory loads. The Library is updated regularly to include new offerings. The Library and the JBM ballistics engine go to work the second a shooter begins to build his or her own Ballistic Bullet Profile. That Profile contains ...JBM - Calculations - Trajectory (Simplified) 3 Technology has made it very easy to calculate an accurate ballistic chart and little is needed to true it up to reality. The databook helps you record some of that information as you true up your ballistic chart so you can reference it later.All of the JBM trajectory calculators allow the user to select the drop, windage and lead (if applicable) units. Drop units are either a length such as inches or centimeters or an angle such as milliradians (mils), inches/100 yards, cm/100 …

The ballistic coefficient is represents the ratio of the drag of the standard (e.g. G1 standard bullet) bullet to that of the bullet you are shooting. A ballistic coefficient of 0.100 means that your bullet has 10 times the drag of the standard bullet. Bullet Library

The ballistic coefficient is represents the ratio of the drag of the standard (e.g. G1 standard bullet) bullet to that of the bullet you are shooting. A ballistic coefficient of 0.100 means that your bullet has 10 times the drag of the standard bullet. Bullet Length The length of the bullet.The world-renowned JBM Ballistics engine powers all Ballistic computations. Ballistic is used by competition shooters, long-range hunters, and the military to deliver the most precise calculations ...The JBM Ballistics projectile library is extensive, so its almost certain the bullet you’re using will be included in the options. To save time and keep things simple, I recommend sticking with using that menu. Once you’ve selected a bullet from the JBM Ballistics library, you won’t need to input the entries “ballistic coefficient ...Trajectory. Calculate a trajectory from bullet, velocity, firearm and atmospheric parameters. Explanation of terms. Library (Select bullet or enter BC and Weight below.) [?]Ballistics calculations and formulas for small arms. Power Factor. The JBM Power Factor application is an simple application for calculating IDPA, SASS and USPSA power factors and divisions. The angle of the tilt of the firearm to the right or left from vertical. Positive angles are to the right. Distance to Chronograph. The distance from the muzzle of the firearm to the chronograph used for muzzle velocity measurements. If the muzzle velocity is estimated, enter 0.0 for this value -- no correction. Buffalo, Wyoming. montanagunslings.com. Feb 8, 2010. #3. Re: ballistic coefficient for Wolf match 40gr. Most 40 grain .22LR bullets have ballistic coefficients between 0.120 and 0.165 with muzzle velocities from 1085 feet per second to 1312 feet per second. Mag 300. Gunny Sergeant.JBM ballistics drop table ??? Thread starter Straight Shooter; Start date Jul 9, 2020; Help Support Long Range Hunting Forum Become a supporting member. Prev. 1; 2; 3; First Prev 3 of 3 Go to page. Go. S. Straight Shooter Well-Known Member. Joined Feb 19, 2012 Messages 609 Location Bluffdale, UT. Jul 10, 2020JBM Ballistics, an excellent online ballistics program, has developed a program which does the ballistic DA calculations for you. It is this author's recommendation that you use that program, rather than going through the manual steps listed below. However, you may still want to use some of the steps below if you need inputs outside …A modified (modified by R. L. McCoy) version of M. A. Morris' RARDLIFT code with corrections for small arms bullets and medium caliber cannon projectiles. Provides interim estimates of lift, overturning moment and yaw drag coefficients. Inputs are very similar to McDrag (above) but it does require the center of gravity location.

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From accurate trajectory calculations to drop and wind drift compensations, these apps have you covered. With a variety of features that include range and elevation calculations, weather conditions, and more, you'll be able to make the most out of your JBM Ballistics Calculator. Read on to discover which app is the best for your needs.Ballistic is a fast, highly-accurate ballistic trajectory calculator and range companion for the iPhone. Currently $3.99 US. Ballistic_XLR A modified Pejsa model implemented in a spreadsheet. Free. Ballistic Explorer by Oehler Research External ballistics programs for DOS and Windows with demo. $60-$70. Ballistik Pro 1.1The world renowned JBM Ballistics computer is powering all of Ballistic's computations. JBM is used by world-class shooters everywhere to deliver some of the most precise calculations. You'll even be able to take JBM's extremely accurate calculations with you, even into areas with no cellular coverage.The Effect of Wind on Flat-Fire Trajectories, Robert L. McCoy, BRL Report Number 1900, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, August 1976, [ADB012872] Exterior Ballistics, McShane, Kelley and Reno, Univeristy of Denver Press, 1953.The Sierra Reloading manual has a section on Exterior Ballistics which provides the differential equations of motion, as does "Exterior Ballistics" and "Mathematics for Exterior Ballistics". Calculation of a trajectory also requires calculation of atmospheric density as a function of temperature, pressure (sometimes humidity, if you want).A perfect example includes the classic .223 Remington, 5.56×45 NATO, or .223 Wylde-chambered barrel designs. While 1:7 twist is the "mil-spec" standard, most manufacturers planning on optimizing their twist rate for a wide range of commercial bullet designs will gravitate toward a .223 Wylde chamber with a 1:8 twist rate.Accuracy Ballistics Gear Reviews Long Range Shooting Marksmanship Precision Rifles Rifle Scopes Sniper Rifles. Featured. Forums. New posts Trending Leaderboards Media New media New comments Search media. Resources. Latest reviews Search resources. Upgrade. HideTV. Donate. Merch. Log in. Register. SearchThe ballistic coefficient is represents the ratio of the drag of the standard (e.g. G1 standard bullet) bullet to that of the bullet you are shooting. A ballistic coefficient of 0.100 means that your bullet has 10 times the drag of the standard bullet. Bullet Length The length of … Trajectory μCard - Constant Drop. Calculate a trajectory card from bullet, velocity, firearm and atmospheric parameters. Density is calculated using input density altitudes. Muzzle velocity is found by using linear interpolation between two velocities measured as a fuction of temperature. Explanation of terms. The ballistic coefficient is represents the ratio of the drag of the standard (e.g. G1 standard bullet) bullet to that of the bullet you are shooting. A ballistic coefficient of 0.100 means that your bullet has 10 times the drag of the standard bullet. Bullet LibraryThe JBM Ballistics projectile library is extensive, so its almost certain the bullet you’re using will be included in the options. To save time and keep things simple, I recommend sticking with using that menu. Once you’ve selected a bullet from the JBM Ballistics library, you won’t need to input the entries “ballistic coefficient ...The velocity of the bullet as either (1) measured at some distance from the muzzle or (2) as estimated from reloading data. The on-line ballistics page can correct for the distance to chronograph. (The velocity lost traveling to the chronograph.) Nose Length. ….

For any bullet, the drag force must be the same no matter what drag function is chosen since the drag force is physical and depends on the shape of the bullet. This means that the following equation must be true. G (M)/C = G (M)/C. where j is a different drag function than i. This means that it is the ratio of the drag function and ballistic ...More By This Developer. Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots, and learn more about JBM Power Factor. Download JBM Power Factor and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.The velocity at which the ballistic coefficient entered above is defined. If you only have one BC and no velocity information, use the average of the muzzle velocity and terminal velocity so that you get a new ballistic coefficient representative of the velocity range you are using.JBM is working on some iOS applications including a ballistics calculator. There are currently no plans to support Android systems. IDPA Classifier A simple iOS application for entering and tracking IDPA classifier progress.But it would not be able to hit the US mainland or the bigger islands of Hawaii. For years, North Korea has been doggedly working toward fielding an intercontinental ballistic miss...Ballistics calculations and formulas for small arms. Trajectory. Calculate a trajectory from bullet, velocity, firearm and atmospheric parameters.Ballistics calculations and formulas for small arms. Drag Function Array Conversion. Convert multiple ballistic coefficients and find the best new drag function.Ballistic's world renowned JBM ballistics engine delivers the gold standard in calculations that other applications compare themselves to. This is the STANDARD Edition. Jbm ballistic, Ballistic is powered by the JBM Ballistics Engine, one of the most accurate ballistic engines available. Ballistic provides a library of 5,300 projectiles and loads, along with performance data from both manufacturers and military testing. Users can also upload their own ballistic data, making Ballistic the ideal app for handloaders as well., The ballistic coefficient is represents the ratio of the drag of the standard (e.g. G1 standard bullet) bullet to that of the bullet you are shooting. A ballistic coefficient of 0.100 means that your bullet has 10 times the drag of the standard bullet. Barrel Twist The twist length of the barrel. Twist Direction, Topic covering the use of drop, windage and lead units in the JBM calculators. Elevation. A method for calculating trajectories for other than a zeroed range (or for changes in shooting conditions) using the constant elevation angle. Energy. A discussion of potential and kinetic energy with a worked example., Ballistics calculations and formulas for small arms. Trajectory (Simplified) Calculate a trajectory from bullet, velocity, firearm and atmospheric parameters., JBM Ballistics has partnered with RIANOV to provide integrated ballistics solutions, including the M06 passive ranging calculator, the SOLO calculator and the CSI. The CSI is a new digital angle indicator giving both cant and slope (or cosine of slope). RIANOV™ CSI unit mounted to Remington 700 ..., 7.62X39 Ballistic Charts and Cartridge Guide. Originally designed in 1943 by Soviets and then used heavily as a service rifle cartridge around the globe, the 7.62X39 is one of the most popular rifle cartridges in existence. It owes its performance in sales to the popularity of the rifles that shoot it. This short, 30 caliber cartridge has ..., Plastic Tip Length. Length of the plastic "ballistic tip" if it exists. Otherwise zero. Caliber. Diameter of the bullet. Muzzle Velocity. The velocity of the bullet as either (1) measured at some distance from the muzzle or (2) as estimated from reloading data. The on-line ballistics page can correct for the distance to chronograph., Many modern ballistics programs, including the free online JBM Ballistics Program, are able to use BCs referenced to G7 standards. When available, these BCs are more appropriate for long range bullets, according to Bryan. [Editor's NOTE: BCs are normally reported simply as an 0.XXX number. The lb/in² tag applies to all BCs, but is commonly ..., Calculate Power Factor from muzzle velocity, bullet diameter and bullet weight. Divisions for TSA, IDPA, IPSC, USPSA and SASS are displayed. SASS has a maximum velocity that is taken into account. Explanation of terms. Bullet Weight (5.0 to 15000.0 gr) [115.0] [?] gr gm. Caliber (0.100 to 2.000 in) [0.355] [?], Define a coordinate system where y is the range variable, x and z are perpendicular to the trajectory where x is to the shooters right and z is up. Then rewrite the derivative d u / dt a = d u / dt = (d u / dy) (dy/dt) = - k (u - w)+ g. But dy/dt is just the velocity in the y direction (down range) written u y, then, The web-based JBM Ballistics Program is one of the most sophisticated and accurate ballistics calculators available — and it's free. The latest version of the JBM Trajectory Calculator includes field-test-derived actual G7 BCs, as well as bullet drag data from Lapua's Doppler radar testing. You can also change weather variables, and ..., JBM is working on some iOS applications including a ballistics calculator. There are currently no plans to support Android systems. IDPA Classifier A simple iOS application for entering and tracking IDPA classifier progress., Park Falls, WI. Nov 5, 2013. #1. Years ago I when I was on the search for a decent free external ballistics program for the PC, I came across WinBal (Windows Ballistics) and was wondering if anyone else is familiar with this program. If not, I think you can still find it online somewhere- just Google WinBal.zip and you should be able to find it., Trajectory μCard. Calculate a trajectory card from bullet, velocity, firearm and atmospheric parameters. Density is calculated using input density altitudes. Muzzle velocity is found by using linear interpolation between two velocities measured as a fuction of temperature. Explanation of terms, The ballistic coefficient is represents the ratio of the drag of the standard (e.g. G1 standard bullet) bullet to that of the bullet you are shooting. A ballistic coefficient of 0.100 means that your bullet has 10 times the drag of the standard bullet. Bullet Length The length of …, Plastic Tip Length. Length of the plastic "ballistic tip" if it exists. Otherwise zero. Caliber. Diameter of the bullet. Muzzle Velocity. The velocity of the bullet as either (1) measured at some distance from the muzzle or (2) as estimated from reloading data. The on-line ballistics page can correct for the distance to chronograph., InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips While there are plenty to choose from the best AI stocks hold next-generation p... InvestorPlace - Stock Market N..., Applied Ballistics for Long Range Shooting Bryan Litz, Applied Ballistics LLC, 2009. Lots of good information here including accurate measurements of G7 BCs for a number of long range bullets and a ballistics software CD. Ballistic of the Future, J. M. J. Kooy and J. W. H. Uytenbogaart, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., if no adjustment is desired, input zeros 240 rem for rmatch and hmatch, and the trajectory will be run with 250 rem the input elevation angle. 260 rem the program solves the trajectory by numerical integration 270 rem using the heun method, which is an iteratively applied 280 rem second order predictor-corrector technique., The ballistic coefficient is represents the ratio of the drag of the standard (e.g. G1 standard bullet) bullet to that of the bullet you are shooting. A ballistic coefficient of 0.100 means that your bullet has 10 times the drag of the standard bullet. Bullet Length The length of the bullet., Calculate a ballistic coefficient from initial velocity, time of flight and distance. Calculuated ballistic coefficient is displayed for selected drag function. Explanation of terms, External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight. The projectile may be powered or un-powered, guided or unguided, spin or fin stabilized, flying through an atmosphere or in the vacuum of space, but most certainly flying under the influence of a gravitational field ..., Since w x is constant, one can readily perform the integrals (assuming constant k) . u x = w x [ 1 - u y /u x0] . Integrate one more time with respect to t on the interval [0,t] x = ∫ u x dt [0,t] = w x [ t - R/u x0] . where R = ∫ u y dt [0,t] . and x is the deflection, u x0 is the muzzle velocity (initial velocity in the y direction), R is the range, t is the time of flight to that range ..., Crosswind. Derivations of the classic crosswind deflection formula. Drag Functions. Discussion about drag functions and their relations to ballistic coefficients. Drop Units In Calculations. Topic covering the use of drop, windage and lead units in the JBM calculators. Elevation., The Ballistic Research Laboratory went on to establish standard projectiles with different shapes that more closely match those of modern projectiles. There is a G5 ballistic coefficient that compares your bullet's drag to that of a boattailed radial ogive bullet shape. ... So do the free online JBM ballistics calculators. They let you work ..., Ballistic Tip™ Spitzer 2.2 9 V-Max™ 1.9 10 Match Hunting VLD 1.8 11 A-Tip™ Match 1.7 12 Accubond Long Range Spitzer (G7) 1.5 13 Tipped Triple-Shock™ X Boattail 1.4 14 Long Range Hybrid Target 1.4 15 Long Range X Boattail 1.3 16 Accubond™ Spitzer 1.3 17 EOL Elite Hunter 1.1 18 Tipped MatchKing™ 1.0 19 Scenar 1.0 20 CX™ 1.0 # , For any bullet, the drag force must be the same no matter what drag function is chosen since the drag force is physical and depends on the shape of the bullet. This means that the following equation must be true. G (M)/C = G (M)/C. where j is a different drag function than i. This means that it is the ratio of the drag function and ballistic ..., Ballistics calculations and formulas for small arms. Recoil. Calculate recoil from muzzle velocity and bullet, powder and rifle weight., The Leatherwood ART Scope Trajectory Cam needs to be set to the correct cam setting for your caliber and rifle. This video goes over how to use JBM Ballistic..., Kinetic energy is a function of the bullet mass and motion. This motion involves the velocity and rotations. It is represented by the following equation. KE = 1/2 M v 2 + 1/2 I w 2. NOTE: this assumes a single rotational axis and forward motion of the bullet. For multiple rotations and non-symmetric bodies, things get a little more complicated., Ballistics calculations and formulas for small arms. Trajectory (Simplified) Calculate a trajectory from bullet, velocity, firearm and atmospheric parameters., This means that it is the ratio of the drag function and ballistic coefficient that model the drag of the bullet. For different drag functions, the Cs will be different, but with properly chosen Cs and drag functions, the same trajectory will be calculated because the drag force is the same., JBM Ballistics has some C code on their website free for anyone to download and modify. As long as the person writing the code knows what they are doing and the code is free of bugs, any of the various commonly used methods will work. However, every serious engineer that I know of uses the Point Mass method or an extension of it.