Pba urethane rule

Mar 7, 2022 · The tournament rule reads: Purple Hammer bowling balls manufactured during 2016 or 2017 (identified by serial numbers that start with either a “6” or “7”) are prohibited for use. USBC has shared this national tournament rule with Hammer’s current owner, Brunswick, and has Brunswick’s support.

At the start of 2023, the pba announced the latest rule, all traditional urethane balls must be made on or after august 1, 2022. Source: www.youtube.com PBA bans Urethane Bowling Balls older than 2 Years New Rule explained , The new rule applies only to pba tour competition, not pba50 or pba regional competition, or pba50 or pwba players in ...1. The first rule is that all urethane and urethane-like bowling balls must be manufactured at a minimum of 78.0HD. This rule is for all levels of PBA Tour competition, but not recreational amateur league bowling or PBA League Bowler Certification tournaments. 2. The second rule is that ALL balls to be used on the PBA National Tour ONLY, must beUSBC Playing Rules. Chapter 4 Rule Number Modifications Rules changes effective Aug. 1, 2023 Download the bowl.com app to your smart phone so that you can look up rules anytime, anywhere!Seems the things they could change they ignore and add unnecessary hardships to the game. The ban applies to urethane balls that are 2 or more years old. If an unsponsored PBA Pro wants to use urethane, and cannot afford to buy a new urethane ball every 2 years, they may be in the wrong profession.Are there really people who think rules just don't apply to them? Find out if some people really just don't think rules apply to them. Advertisement When reading the morning paper,...The hardness rule was adopted by both PBA and ABC (75 for PBA 72 for ABC). Plug rule only adopted by PBA. Ultimately both limitations were rendered irrelevant. The hardness rule by introduction of urethane that could be effectively sanded and ultimately by resin enhanced urethane that created friction chemically and mire efficiently than sanding.Urethane balls also transition the lane differently. You can expect urethane bowling balls to take oil from the first 15 feet of the lane (not as much as resin). But, they also push oil down the lane called “carry down” making the bowler move right. While the resin ball absorbs the oil. This is why (some) people hate them.The hardness rule was adopted by both PBA and ABC (75 for PBA 72 for ABC). Plug rule only adopted by PBA. Ultimately both limitations were rendered irrelevant. The hardness rule by introduction of urethane that could be effectively sanded and ultimately by resin enhanced urethane that created friction chemically and mire efficiently than sanding.

Are there really people who think rules just don't apply to them? Find out if some people really just don't think rules apply to them. Advertisement When reading the morning paper,...So lately, I have being seeing a lot of hate (here, fB, twitter, etc.) about urethane balls. Nobody ever says why, they just basically say that urethane is bad. Because I took a long time off between bowling regularly, and never really kept up with equipment technology, I need some help understanding why urethane is bad and/or embarrassing to ...Mar 7, 2022 · The tournament rule reads: Purple Hammer bowling balls manufactured during 2016 or 2017 (identified by serial numbers that start with either a “6” or “7”) are prohibited for use. USBC has shared this national tournament rule with Hammer’s current owner, Brunswick, and has Brunswick’s support. As most competitive bowlers know, the Urethane rule has changed for PBA events. Urethane has become a huge part of the game and continues to be used by all types of players and styles. Storm has had a lot of success with Urethane equipment, primarily the Pitch Black. The team of genius’ in Utah continue to evolve and their newest addition to ... PBA OFFICIAL MEMBERSHIP GUIDE & RULE BOOK 10.3.1 Chris Schenkel PBA Player of the Year Award 10.3.2 Harry Golden PBA Rookie of the Year Award 10.3.3 George Young Memorial High Average Award 10.3.4 Harry Smith Point Leader Award 10.3.5 Steve Nagy Sportsmanship Award 10.3.6 Tony Reyes Memorial Community Service Award 10.4 PBA Regional Tour Awards ... Nov 2, 2023 ... We will be taking about the importance of urethane bowling balls in todays game! Pattern is PBA Earl Anthony which is 42 feet long!

white - (previous pours prior to August 2022 ban) Because the Purple Hammer has shown a history of becoming progressively softer over time, the PBA banned all Purple Hammers prior to August 2022, prior to the start of the 2023 PBA Tour. Because ball age is track by the bowling ball's serial number, Hammer decided to make it easier to quickly ... Hammer has been the undisputed urethane champion in bowling since the Purple Pearl Urethane’s introduction, and we are excited to carry that title through the new phase of harder urethane bowling balls. Since the PBA announced its rule change, only allowing urethane balls to be 78D or harder, our chemists and lab rats have been working hard producing the now famed NU Blue Hammer and the new ... white - (previous pours prior to August 2022 ban) Because the Purple Hammer has shown a history of becoming progressively softer over time, the PBA banned all Purple Hammers prior to August 2022, prior to the start of the 2023 PBA Tour. Because ball age is track by the bowling ball's serial number, Hammer decided to make it easier to quickly ...This rule is currently for PBA National Tour competition only. Hammer Purple Pearl Urethane Bowling Ball. $ 229.95 $ 149.95. Storm Pitch Black Bowling Ball. $ 229.95 $ 139.95. Hammer Black Widow Purple Pearl Urethane Overseas Bowling Ball. $ 349.95 $ 199.95. Hammer Red Pearl Urethane Asym Overseas Bowling Ball. $ 349.95 $ 149.95.If the PBA still tests a pro's bowling balls for hardness before they can use them in competition then they can easily weed out the "faulty" purple Hammers instead of a blanket rule that bans all pre-2020 urethane.

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The !Q Tour 78/U name says it all: a 78 hardness urethane ball! In response to the ever-changing environment, the new Controll 78 Urethane Coverstock is PBA® compliant with the new hardness rule. The 500-grit surface preparation keeps short patterns in …The hardness rule was adopted by both PBA and ABC (75 for PBA 72 for ABC). Plug rule only adopted by PBA. Ultimately both limitations were rendered irrelevant. The hardness rule by introduction of urethane that could be effectively sanded and ultimately by resin enhanced urethane that created friction chemically and mire efficiently than sanding. PBA OFFICIAL MEMBERSHIP GUIDE & RULE BOOK 10.3.1 Chris Schenkel PBA Player of the Year Award 10.3.2 Harry Golden PBA Rookie of the Year Award 10.3.3 George Young Memorial High Average Award 10.3.4 Harry Smith Point Leader Award 10.3.5 Steve Nagy Sportsmanship Award 10.3.6 Tony Reyes Memorial Community Service Award 10.4 PBA Regional Tour Awards ... USBC is not going to ban the current purple hammers that were not banned before (2016/2017 manuf date ones are banned currently). USBC and PBA do not always agree/do the same things as far as bans/rules. It will be interesting to see how things go in the PBA. Hammer just released their "not urethane" ball to replace the purple hammer urethane.PBA has banned the use of urethane balls made before August 2022, we discuss why the change was made.According to the Chronicle of Higher Education, rules are important because people may be injured or disadvantaged in some way if the rules are broken. Rules must also be obeyed to...

Season! For the start of the 2024 PBA season, we have posted a new PBA Rulebook, updated the urethane balls allowed in all PBA Tour competition and began posting revised PBA Patterns to be used in this years’ PBA Tour events. Just to be clear, the newly posted PBA Rules and ball list does not affect the PBA LBC Leagues out there. PBA bans urethanes made before Aug. 1, 2022 for the national PBA Tour only, revamps ball surface specifications in new 2023 rules. JEFF RICHGELS | Posted: Sunday, January 15, 2023 12:30 pm. There are some significant changes in PBA rules for 2023, but nothing that should greatly surprise anyone.USBC is not going to ban the current purple hammers that were not banned before (2016/2017 manuf date ones are banned currently). USBC and PBA do not always agree/do the same things as far as bans/rules. It will be interesting to see how things go in the PBA. Hammer just released their "not urethane" ball to replace the purple hammer urethane.The PBA Tour will be the sole recipient of the new regulation, while the existing urethane balls will remain unaffected and eligible for use in all other tournaments. Neil Stremmel, PBA Director of Rules and Equipment, has provided a detailed breakdown of the decision-making process.The approved ball list is updated weekly to allow manufacturers and bowlers know what balls are approved for use during USBC-certified competition.The end for Urethane on PBA Tour? New Hardness rules!!64 Rev. 1/19/2024. PBA OFFICIAL MEMBERSHIP GUIDE & RULE BOOK. Incorrect game score: $250 fine of the contestant $200 fine for the player who was responsible for verifying the accuracy of the scorecard ($100/$50 for Regional/PBA50 Tour). Incorrect Month/Year or Serial Number: PENALTY: $100.This Urethane is Built Different! Obviously PBA rules have changed a bit with having a new Hardness Minimum. The 78U is the new answer for those guys. Obviously when you make a urethane cover harder, it’s going to be a bit cleaner through the fronts. When compared to the Pitch Black, the 78U is much cleaner.The NU Hammer was more a way to poke at the PBA over their definition of "urethane-like" balls. They just wanted to try and prove a point that they could make a ball that is "not urethane" but have a similar motion and still be compliant with PBA equipment rules. Since it is "not urethane" or "urethane-like" the PBA can't really do anything ...Jan 15, 2023 · The 2023 rules are posted at PBA.com and attached to this story as a PDF. The most significant thing is that urethanes made before Aug. 1, 2022 are banned for the PBA Tour, which is not surprising considering that all balls produced starting Aug. 1, 2022 had to be re-approved by USBC to the new 73D hardness rule, a point higher than the long ... Re: The urethane craze on the PBA. Let's just call a spade a spade here.. You'd like to see the return of Amleto dominating the tour again. Seriously, the thought of wanting to eliminate a certain ball technology on the tour says more about the lack of a bowler's ability to get out of their comfort zones and use what the lanes and conditions ...Are you a fan of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) and want to catch all the action live? Thanks to modern technology, you can now stream Smart PBA live today from the co...

Jun 27, 2023 · The urethane craze continues to take over the bowling industry, as the PBA announced on June 27th that it will be raising the minimum required hardness for a...

First PBA Regional of 2024 and it is on the PBA Cheetah oil pattern. It's a 6-game set for the qualifier. If I make the cut, I will play again during the Qua...Mar 21, 2022 by Jill Winters. A Purple Hammer nicknamed “Old Faithful” has been reliable for Jakob Butturff over the years. But after the PBA instituted a new rule earlier this month that banned all urethane made prior to 2020, that ball has been removed from the lefty’s arsenal for all national tour events.PBA OFFICIAL MEMBERSHIP GUIDE & RULE BOOK 10.3.1 Chris Schenkel PBA Player of the Year Award 10.3.2 Harry Golden PBA Rookie of the Year Award 10.3.3 George Young Memorial High Average Award 10.3.4 Harry Smith Point Leader Award 10.3.5 Steve Nagy Sportsmanship Award 10.3.6 Tony Reyes Memorial Community Service Award 10.4 PBA …Beginning 1/6/24, rules regarding use of bowling balls in PBA competition have been updated. 2024 PBA Approved Equipment. The 2024 list of acceptable Urethane and Urethane-Like equipment made at 78.0HD+ is available on the schedule page under “quick links”. Oil Pattern Info.The approved ball list is updated weekly to allow manufacturers and bowlers know what balls are approved for use during USBC-certified competition.The Black Pearl Urethane is Hammer’s newest response to the brand new 78D hardness rule for the PBA Tour. This ball is more durable than the Purple Pearl Urethane, creating extra size and fewer whole hook. To make up for the change in coverstock, the field end is rougher on the Black Pearl Urethane in comparison with the …PBA National Tour: All bowling balls must be manufactured after August 1, 2022. Any older second shot balls (spare balls) made of plastic or rubber may be approved for use at spares or as a fill ball by the Tournament Director or Director of Rules and Equipment on case by case basis. Urethane and urethane-like bowling balls must also be ...

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PBA National Tour: All bowling balls must be manufactured after August 1, 2022. Any older second shot balls (spare balls) made of plastic or rubber may be approved for use at spares or as a fill ball by the Tournament Director or Director of Rules and Equipment on case by case basis. Urethane and urethane-like bowling balls must also be ...The PBA will maintain the right to spot check any bowling balls for compliance with any specifications, at any time. Again, no “traditional urethane” balls manufactured prior to August 1, 2022 will be permitted in PBA National Tour competition. This rule is currently for PBA National Tour competition only. top urethane bowling ballsPBA National Tour: All bowling balls must be manufactured after August 1, 2022. Any older second shot balls (spare balls) made of plastic or rubber may be approved for use at spares or as a fill ball by the Tournament Director or Director of Rules and Equipment on case by case basis.Unlike the high-profile change in urethane rules, I haven’t seen one potentially hugely impactful PBA rule change for 2024 mentioned anywhere. I didn’t know about until I was tipped to it, as the 2024 PBA rule book was just posted online on Saturday and I’ve been so busy I hadn’t found time to go through it. The shot clock violation ...In today’s digital age, sports fans no longer have to rely on traditional television broadcasts to keep up with their favorite games. With the advancement of technology, live strea...RysterArcee. • 3 yr. ago. Well, every reactive resin ball is a urethane ball with reactive resin added to it. The PBA can ban it all they want. The ball manufacturers will simply create ultra low-load reactive balls and get virtually the same reaction for the bowlers. Or the bowlers will simply use typical reactive balls and resort to more ...These Universal Playing Rules are for PBA LBC Leagues and Tournaments, including the PBA LBC National Championships. For specific rules for the PBA Tour(s), please see the PBA Official Rulebook located on PBA.com. ... (Note: For all PBA Tour level events, Urethane and Urethane-like bowling balls (balls above 60-minute Oil Absorption time) …Beginning 1/6/24, rules regarding use of bowling balls in PBA competition have been updated. 2024 PBA Approved Equipment. The 2024 list of acceptable Urethane and Urethane-Like equipment made at 78.0HD+ is available on the schedule page under “quick links”. Oil Pattern Info.This new rule does not apply to USBC sanctioned leagues. Using an older urethane ball in USBC-sanctioned leagues and events will still be considered legal, as of 3/3/2022. ** (See update below)**. UPDATE FOR USBC SANCTIONED EVENTS - 3/21/2022: Per USBC, the approval of the Hammer Purple Hammer bowling balls manufactured in the years 2016 and ... Hello PBA LBC League Bowlers! In my last update, we discussed the new urethane rule that the PBA implemented as of 1/6/2024. Since then I/we have been in Wichita, Chicago, Springfield (MO), Indianapolis, Delaware and Phoenix. The ratings have gone very well this year. Notable increases over last year – and the last several years. Dwight Albrecht, Phil Brylow, and Steve "Sparky" Fifer of 1250amthefan.com discuss the urethane ball rule coming to the PBA Tour starting in 2024 To ...Jan 26, 2024 · The 2023 PBA Hardness Report indicated that it only takes 10 shots out of the box for a urethane ball to drop 2-3 hardness points and will drop more over time. The PBA's solution was to increase minimum manufacturing hardness to 78D, starting this season, meaning even if a ball drops 5D points while in use it will still be legal at 73D. ….

Older urethane balls, such as those made before the standard 72D hardness rule was implemented, could be more heavily scrutinized in a potential ban. ... Instead of banning urethane balls outright, the PBA and USBC could encourage the development of new urethane ball technology that performs more comparably to resin balls. This …Skip to main content New PBA urethane hardness rules : r/Bowling. r/Bowling. • 10 mo. ago. ADMIN MOD. New PBA urethane hardness rules. The PBA just dropped their new report and rulings, have a read and let’s discuss what it means to you. https://www.pba.com/2023/june/2023-pba-hardness-report. Share. Sort by: Add a …Dec 6, 2023 · The IQ Tour 78/U brings the Centripetal C3 core found in the entire IQ lineup paired with the new Control 78 Urethane Coverstock. The new 78 hardness of this IQ 78/U was to conform to the new PBA hardness rule. As a PBA member and one who avidly does the regional Tour, it was essential for me to have this ball. Are there really people who think rules just don't apply to them? Find out if some people really just don't think rules apply to them. Advertisement When reading the morning paper,...Rule 15c3-3 is an SEC rule that protects investors by requiring brokerage firms to maintain secure accounts so that clients can withdraw assets at any time. Securities and Exchange...Older urethane balls, such as those made before the standard 72D hardness rule was implemented, could be more heavily scrutinized in a potential ban. ... Instead of banning urethane balls outright, the PBA and USBC could encourage the development of new urethane ball technology that performs more comparably to resin balls. This …Urethane, reactive, etc. Again, to ensure compliance with updated hardness rules not only for the PBA's 78D rule for urethane, but the 73D rule the USBC implemented for balls manufactured after 8/1/22. It will be interesting to see how this affects some of the National Tour players that have their "old favorites" that are now ineligible to be used.Hello PBA LBC League Bowlers! In my last update, we discussed the new urethane rule that the PBA implemented as of 1/6/2024. Since then I/we have been in Wichita, Chicago, Springfield (MO), Indianapolis, Delaware and Phoenix. The ratings have gone very well this year. Notable increases over last year – and the last several years.Feb 8, 2024 · All of the products showcased can be purchased at https://ctdbowling.com/For more information consider joining our Staff for Free.Click here.https://ctdbowli... Pba urethane rule, The 2023 PBA Hardness Report indicated that it only takes 10 shots out of the box for a urethane ball to drop 2-3 hardness points and will drop more over time. The PBA's solution was to increase minimum manufacturing hardness to 78D, starting this season, meaning even if a ball drops 5D points while in use it will still be legal at 73D., Serial Number Information and Urethane Ball List: https://ctdbowling.com/blogs/news/pba-urethane-bowling-ball-ban-informationAll of the products showcased ca..., First PBA Regional of 2024 and it is on the PBA Cheetah oil pattern. It's a 6-game set for the qualifier. If I make the cut, I will play again during the Qua..., Beginning 1/6/24, rules regarding use of bowling balls in PBA competition have been updated. Entry Deadline. Online entries for members and non-members close at midnight on Wednesday, January 24th, 2024. After the deadline, entries must be made directly with the PBA Northwest/West Region Manager and will incur a $10 fee. 2024 PBA Approved …, Feb 20, 2023 · Re: Storm Pitch Black test soft PBA/USBC delete. If a urethane ball gets anywhere from 2-6 points softer over time, then simply set the hardness rule for urethane to 79D when new. That way, even if it drops 6 points, it will still be 73D. It may also temper the use of urethane to only when it makes sense. , PBA Players Championship PTQ: $250 (bowlers advancing from the PTQ will be charged an additional $250) ... made of plastic or rubber may be approved for use at spares or as a fill ball by the Tournament Director or Director of Rules and Equipment on case by case basis. Urethane and urethane-like bowling balls must also be …, The who, what, when and why of the Labor Department's new rules. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I agree to Money's..., USBC Urethane Bowling BallHardness Check at U.S. Open. USBC will conduct a bowling ball hardness check at the 2020 U.S. Open for all drilled balls with urethane or blended urethane shells. The ..., It's really difficult to tease out whether the urethane 78 rule has had that much of an impact or not. There are just so many factors involve, lane surfaces, oil types, oil machine types, the patterns themselves, even the weather. We know that in the USBC tournaments (masters and US Open) that the players could use the Purple Hammer and Pitch ..., Apr 17, 2020 ... How urethane can help or hurt ... Will anyone benefit from the Pba rule change? ... The TRUTH about URETHANE | Is Your Bowling Ball Truly Urethane?, 3/3/2022; Updated: 3/21/2022. According to a recent information surrounding PBA, the use of urethane balls older than 2 years may now considered illegal on the PBA National Tour only. What does this mean exactly? Let us break it down for you...., Breaking News PBA Urethane Ball Rule Changes for 2023! YouTube , Rule 14 states usbc may authorize temporary modifications to the general playing rules, award, league and tournament rules in cases of emergency and that. 1, 2022 are going to be banned on the professional bowlers. , GREATNESS AT THE CORE: The Black Pearl Urethane uses the LED core also found in the Purple Pearl Urethane. THE URETHANE YOU LOVE: The Black Pearl Urethane uses a 78D Pearl Urethane blend that meets the hardness rules for the PBA. SMOOTH, STRONG FINISH: The Black Pearl Urethane is finished with a 500 grit Siaair …, already do so, please review the PBA urethane report posted on my page. The other new development is the implementation of a new weekly PA L video series. The “ owling reakdown” videos will be released weekly and they will discuss current bowling events, rules, equipment choices and recommendations, etc., PBA OFFICIAL MEMBERSHIP GUIDE & RULE BOOK 10.3.1 Chris Schenkel PBA Player of the Year Award 10.3.2 Harry Golden PBA Rookie of the Year Award 10.3.3 George Young Memorial High Average Award 10.3.4 Harry Smith Point Leader Award 10.3.5 Steve Nagy Sportsmanship Award 10.3.6 Tony Reyes Memorial Community Service Award 10.4 PBA …, Though urethane balls were not below 72D when approved by USBC, 67 out of 153 (43.8%) of urethanes in the field measured below 72D. The lowest measurement on a urethane ball was 66.1D and six urethane balls were shown to test below the field specification of 68D. The five models comprised 68 of the 153 urethane balls tested., A: There are two new rules, both related to bowling ball hardness. 1. The first rule is that all urethane and urethane-like bowling balls must be manufactured at a minimum of 78.0HD. This rule is for all levels of PBA Tour competition, but not recreational amateur league bowling or PBA League Bowler Certification tournaments. 2., PBA Urethane Report - https://www.pba.com/2023/june/2023-pba-hardness-reportThe PBA has announced new rules for urethane use on the 27th June 2023, after fur..., Is the PBA doing the right thing with the new urethane rule? JR Raymond. 67.6K subscribers. 241. 7.1K views 3 weeks ago. Learn how to release the ball properly with this book..., Learn how to release the ball properly with this book https://bit.ly/ARTofrevolutionsbookGet JR's new E-book talking about the basics of the approach here ht..., Hello PBA LBC League Bowlers! In my last update, we discussed the new urethane rule that the PBA implemented as of 1/6/2024. Since then I/we have been in Wichita, Chicago, Springfield (MO), Indianapolis, Delaware and Phoenix. The ratings have gone very well this year. Notable increases over last year – and the last several years., These Universal Playing Rules are for PBA LBC Leagues and Tournaments, including the PBA LBC National Championships. For specific rules for the PBA Tour(s), please see the PBA Official Rulebook located on PBA.com. ... (Note: For all PBA Tour level events, Urethane and Urethane-like bowling balls (balls above 60-minute Oil Absorption time) …, It's really difficult to tease out whether the urethane 78 rule has had that much of an impact or not. There are just so many factors involve, lane surfaces, oil types, oil machine types, the patterns themselves, even the weather. We know that in the USBC tournaments (masters and US Open) that the players could use the Purple Hammer and Pitch ..., The PBA Tour may look very different in 2024 thanks to new rules governing urethane and “urethane-like” balls that were announced Tuesday in this PBA news release. If it does look very different, fans who consider watching urethane balls being used on the PBA Tour “boring” may find a more exciting PBA in 2024., PBA Director of Rules and Equipment, Neil Stremmel, tells us a little bit more about the new hardness rule starting this 2024 PBA season. This rule applies exclusively to PBA level events, including the PBA & PBA50 tours, Regional PBA events, and PBA JR events., As most competitive bowlers know, the Urethane rule has changed for PBA events. Urethane has become a huge part of the game and continues to be used by all types of players and styles. Storm has had a lot of success with Urethane equipment, primarily the Pitch Black. The team of genius’ in Utah continue to evolve and their newest addition to ..., With the new rule changes to the PBA Tour regarding urethane coverstocks, Storm has introduced a new urethane ball with a harder shell to fit within the regulations. The IQ Tour 78/U features the new Controll 78 Solid Urethane coverstock that comes out of the box at a very dull 500 Abralon finish., Posted by u/DiligentlySuspicious - No votes and no comments, The who, what, when and why of the Labor Department's new rules. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I agree to Money's..., Hello PBA LBC League Bowlers! In my last update, we discussed the new urethane rule that the PBA implemented as of 1/6/2024. Since then I/we have been in Wichita, Chicago, Springfield (MO), Indianapolis, Delaware and Phoenix. The ratings have gone very well this year. Notable increases over last year – and the last several years., Today Emax Staffer, Storm Staffer and PBA Star Thomas Larsen gives you his view of the new Rule from the PBA. Pba announced to change the Rule for Urethane B... , The who, what, when and why of the Labor Department's new rules. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I agree to Money's..., PBA National Tour: All bowling balls must be manufactured after August 1, 2022. Any older second shot balls (spare balls) made of plastic or rubber may be approved for use at spares or as a fill ball by the Tournament Director or Director of Rules and Equipment on case by case basis. Urethane and urethane-like bowling balls must also be ...